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Recent cases of cutaneous anthrax have been diagnosed in New Jersey and New York and all individuals affected are expected to recover fully.This information has been prepared as a service by the American Veterinary Medical Association.

The incubation period ranges from 12 hours to 12 days, and the arms, hands, face, and neck are most often affected. In the setting of a bioterrorism attack, the EPA is charged with directing cleanup activities and providing the necessary technical expertise to guide such efforts.

Other notable points about anthrax in animals include the following.According to the CDC, the following procedures should be followed when cleaning surfaces following spills or when cleaning instruments (CDC 2001: Basic laboratory protocols for the presumptive identification of Bacillus anthracis):Anthrax cases should be reported immediately to local or state health departments, according to disease reporting rules.Varies according to primary source of infection.Several reports have examined surveillance approaches for anthrax either in the setting of a known exposure or as an early population-based detection tool.Necrotic herpes simplex infectionSame as for nonimmunocompromised persons and childrenAntimicrobial therapy should be continued for at least 60 days for the following persons:Guidelines have been published for packing and shipping of infectious substances, diagnostic specimens, and biological agents from suspected acts of bioterrorism (ASM 2012).—Nonspecific malaise, myalgias, low-grade fever, mild headache, nausea, general "flu-like" prodromal illnessThe CDC recommendations for PEP to prevent inhalational anthrax (those issued during the 2001 bioterrorism anthrax attack as well as later modifications) are outlined in the table below.If a patient reports exposure to a suspicious package that contains an unknown white powder, further evaluation should be undertaken by public health and law enforcement officials.Serologic testing for anti-PA antibodies can be used for retrospective diagnosis.Reports in the literature support the following observations about anthrax in children.The most likely methods of exposure to weaponized anthrax spores include:Historically, inhalational anthrax has been divided into a prodromal phase and a fulminant phase.
The name is derived from the Greek word for coal, anthrakis, because the cutaneous form of the disease causes black, coal-like skin lesions. Pigs so affected may die from suffocation. The strain of B. anthracis recently isolated in the United States has been shown to be susceptible to doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and several other antibiotics.Gastrointestinal anthrax results from infection of the upper (oropharyngeal form) or lower (intestinal form) gastrointestinal tract after consumption of contaminated meat. Spores give B. anthracis its ability to survive in the soil for years to decades. Sudden death with few clinical signs has also been reported.

the same new focus on anthrax in the 1980s led to the formation of a Who working group on anthrax…

Same as for nonimmunocompromised persons and children.The DoD has made only 18 of 35 proposed changes designed to enhance lab security, the report says.Illness in humans most commonly occurs following exposure to infected animals or contaminated animal products; such exposures include:Cutaneous anthrax (treated with penicillin G and prednisone)Staphylococcal or streptococcal cellulitisInformation regarding personal protective equipment for first responders and others with potential occupational exposure to anthrax spores can be found on the following Web pages:In most of the rest of the world, anthrax in animals occurs only sporadically. Anthrax in animals is hyperendemic or endemic in the following areas of the world (WHOCC):The CDC defines a confirmed case of anthrax as:The LRN structure for bioterrorism designates laboratories as sentinel, reference, or national.

Smears may be prepared by using a swab to obtain blood from a small incision made in the ear or by means of a syringe from an accessible vein.
Postexposure prophylaxis may be achieved through long-term (60 days) oral administration of ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, or amoxicillin. In the United States, natural incidence is extremely low, although outbreaks have been reported in California, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Texas.

Initial suspicions of anthrax may be raised when livestock are found dead, bloated, and without rigor mortis. Carnivores (e.g., dogs, cats, lions) and omnivores (e.g., swine) may become infected by eating undercooked meat from infected animals; however, many carnivores appear to have a natural resistance. Acute anthrax manifests itself in high fevers (up to 107 F), excitement, increased heart rate, deepening of respiration, followed by depression, incoordination, cessation of rumination, reduction in milk production, discolored milk (blood-tinged or deep yellow), bloody discharges, respiratory distress, convulsions, abortion, and death within 48 to 72 hours.